P. N. Oak
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| Purushottam Nagesh Oak | |
|---|---|
| Born | 2 March 1917 Indore, British India |
| Died | 4 December 2007 (aged 90) Pune, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | soldier and writer |
| Known for | historical revisionism |
Purushottam Nagesh Oak (2 March 1917 – 4 December 2007), commonly referred to as P. N. Oak, was an Indian writer, notable for his Hindu-centric brand of historical revisionism. Oak's "Institute for Rewriting Indian History" issued a quarterly periodical called Itihas Patrika in the 1980s.
Oak's claims, e.g. that Christianity and Islam are both derivatives of Hinduism, or that the Catholic Vatican, Kaaba and the Taj Mahal were once Hindutemples to Shiva,[1] and their reception in Indian popular culture have been noted by observers of contemporary Indian society, who variously characterised Oak as a "mythistorian"[2] or more directly as a "Crank".[3] In his book, Some Missing Chapters of World History, Oak claimed that the first civilisation was developed in India from which all world civilisations grew. He wrote books in three languages.
Life[edit]
Oak was born in 1917 at Indore in erstwhile Princely State of Indore, British India. During World War II, he was at first with theIndian army, and was in Malaya. He joined the Indian National Army after Singapore fell to the Japanese. He acted as an assistant to Subhas Chandra Bose in Azad Hind Fauj and then as an ADC to General Jagannath Bhosale, the chief of the Indian National Army. He also worked as a commentator for the Azad Hind Radio.[4]
"From 1947 to 1974 his profession has been mainly journalism having worked on the editorial staffs of the Hindustan Timesand The Statesman, as a Class I officer in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India; and as editor in the American Embassy's Information Service." [5][dead link] In 1964, he started an organisation called 'Institute for Rewriting Indian History'
Dozens of blogs and websites refer to him as "Professor" P. N. Oak,.[6][7][8] However, he was not a professor. According to his own account,[5][dead link] he completed an M.A. (Agra) and a law degree (LL.B. Mumbai), and was an official in the Ministry for Information, and wrote various journalistic pieces.
He died on 4 December 2007, at 3.30 am at his Pune residence aged 90.
Revisionist theories[edit]
Intent on rectifying what he believes to be "biased and distorted versions of India's history produced by the invaders and colonizers", Oak has written several books and articles on Indian history and founded an "Institute for Rewriting Indian History" in 1964. According to Oak, modern secular and Marxist historians have fabricated "idealized versions" of India's past and drained it of its "Vedic context and content". Srinivas Aravamudan noted that Oak's work typically resorts to "deep punning"[2] – associating Sanskrit sound-alikes with non-Sanskrit religious terms such as Vatican=vatika "hermitage",Christianity=Krishna-netti or Chrisn-nity "ethics of Krishna or the way of Krishna" Islam=ishalayam "temple of God", Abrahamas an aberration of Brahma, and George as an aberration of Garg.[9] [3] Based on this, Oak claims that both Christianity and Islam allegedly originated as distortions of "Vedic" beliefs. Srinivas Aravamudan concludes that via "deep punning" Oak is "creative in proliferating these delusional etymologies." [4]
Oak's claims, e.g. that Christianity and Islam are both derivatives of Hinduism, or that the Catholic Vatican, Kaaba,Westminster Abbey and the Taj Mahal were once Hindu temples to Shiva,[1] and their reception in Indian popular culture have been noted by observers of contemporary Indian society, who variously characterised Oak as a "mythistorian"[2] or more directly as a "crackpot".[3] In addition to this Oak again asserted that the Vatican was allegedly originally a Vedic creation called Vatika and that the Papacy was also originally a Vedic Priesthood.
Academic and Government response[edit]
Oak finds some mention in passing as an eccentric in academic literature on the Hindutva wing of Hindu nationalism. Aravamudan (2005) calls him a "mythistorian"[2] whose life's work may be summarised by the title of his work World Vedic Heritage: A History of Histories, Presenting a Unique Unified Field Theory of History that from the Beginning of Time the World Practised Vedic and Spoke Sanskrit. Edwin Bryant writes that most academics would consider him a 'crackpot'.[3][page needed] Giles Tillotson describes his work as a "startling piece of pseudo-scholarship".[10]
While Oak's theories have been summarily rejected in academia, they have found a popular following among some members of India's Hindu right[11] (Narasimhan Ram, editor of The Hindu newspaper, calls him a "Sangh historian"[12]), Indocentristsand the Hare Krishnas mainly but not only represented by author Stephen Knapp. Art historian Rebecca Brown describes Oak's books as "revisionist history as subtle as Captain Russell's smirk" (referring to a character in the Hindi movieLagaan).[13]
Although not anti-government in nature, Oak's book "Some Blunders in Indian Historical Research" was banned from the Parliament's library by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha (lower House) as noted in news archives.[14] There are also apocryphal claims of government suppression, e.g. "Allegedly, Indira Gandhi's government tried to ban [Oak's book on Taj Mahal] and some would say the Indian government has been politically motivated in suppressing this theory".[15] The Indian government has indeed banned a number of books[16] on the grounds of preventing Hindu-Muslim rioting and/or national security.
Christianity as Vedic Chrisn-nity or Krishna-neeti Theory[edit]
Oak claims that Christianity was originally a Vedic religion following Krishna and claims that Christianity was originally known by either the names Chrisn-nity or Krishna-neeti (with Oak alleging these meant "The way of Krishna" or "The Justice of Lord Krishna") these generally follow in line with Oak's other theories and claims that the Vatican was allegedly originally called Vatika and that the Papacy was originally a "Vedic Priesthood" until Constantine the Great around 312 A.D killed the "Vedic pointiff" and installed in his place a representative of the tiny Christian sect.[17] Specifically, Oak's followers make the following claims about what they claim as alleged Krishna-neeti. "Jesus went to India between ages 13 and 30 to learn Krishna-neeti (Christianity) from sages."[18]
Taj Mahal Theory[edit]
In his book Taj Mahal: The True Story, Oak claims that the Taj Mahal was originally a Shiva temple and a Rajput palace named Tejo Mahalaya seized by Shah Jahan and adopted as a tomb. He says that Mahal is a word to describe a royal palace and not a tomb and after seizure by Shah Jahan, the name was changed to Taj Mahal.[19]
The Taj, Oak says, is a "typical illustration of how all historic buildings and townships from Kashmir to Cape Comorin though of Hindu origin have been ascribed to this or that Muslim ruler or courtier".[19] He goes on to propose Hindu origins for the tombs of Humayun, Akbar and Itmiad-u-Dallah and "all historic buildings" in India as well as the Vatican,[20] the Kaaba andStonehenge.
Further, Oak says that well known western authorities on architecture like E.B. Havell, Mrs. Kenoyer and Sir W.W.Hunterhave gone on record to say that the Taj Mahal is built in the Hindu temple style.[19] Havell points out the ground plan of the ancient Hindu temple of Java, the Chandi Siva Prambanan Temple is identical with that of the Taj Mahal.[19] A central dome with cupolas at its four corners is a universal feature of Hindu temples. The four marble pillars at the plinth corners are of the Hindu style. They are used as lamp towers during night and watch towers during the day...[19] Also, he points out that the octagonal shape of the Taj Mahal has a special Hindu significance because Hindus alone have special names for the eight directions and celestial guards assigned to them.[19] Also he points out that finial of the Taj Mahal, depicts the tridentpinnacle over the dome and the central shaft of the trident depicts a Kalash, holding two bent mango leaves and a coconut, which is a sacred Hindu motif.[19] Oak claims that Hindu ornaments and symbols were effaced from the Taj, whose sealed chambers hold the remnants, including a Shiva Lingam, of the original temple and that Mumtaz Mahal was not buried at hercenotaph.
In support of these claims, Oak presents carbon dating results of the wood from the riverside doorway of the Taj, quotes from European travellers' accounts and the Taj's Hindu architectural features. Oak further alleges that eyewitness accounts of the Taj Mahal's construction as well as Shah Jahan's construction orders and voluminous financial records are elaborate frauds meant to hide its Hindu origin.[19]
Oak petitioned the Indian parliament demanding that the Taj be declared a Hindu monument and that cenotaphs and sealed apartments be opened to determine whether Shivalingam or other temple remains were hidden in them.[19] According to Oak, the Indian government's refusal to allow him unfettered access amounts to a conspiracy against Hinduism. The Indian government has maintained that out of respect for the dead, unnecessary openings of cenotaphs and sealed rooms cannot be allowed.[citation needed]
Oak's denial of Islamic architecture in India has been described as one of the "more extreme manifestations of anti-Muslim sentiment" in Maharashtrian popular culture.[21] K. N. Panikkar locates Oak's work in the Hindutva movements attempt to foster a communal understanding of Indian history.[22] Tapan Raychaudhuri has referred to him as "a 'historian' much respected by the Sangh Parivar."[23]
In 2000 India's Supreme Court dismissed Oak's petition to declare that a Hindu king had built the Taj Mahal and reprimanded him for bringing the action, saying he had a "bee in his bonnet" about the Taj.[24][25] In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court. This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra, a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196.[25]
Kaaba Theory: Vedic origins[edit]
In a 13 page pamphlet titled 'Was Kaaba a Hindu Temple?', Oak derives a claim of a "Vedic past of Arabia" based on an inscription mentioning the legendary Indian king Vikramāditya that Oak claims was found inside a dish inside the Kaaba. According to Oak, the text of the alleged "inscription" is taken from an anthology of poetry entitled Sayar-ul-Okul,[26]compiled in 1742 on the orders of a "Sultan Salim" (the actual Sultan at the time being Mahmud I), and first edited in 1864 in Berlin. Oak goes on to state that the anthology is kept in the Makhtab-e-Sultania Library in Istanbul, Turkey. No one else outside of Oak is known to have mentioned either the alleged inscription or the Ottoman book Oak claims was written in 1742 CE. However, there has been a library in a school named "Makhtab-e-Sultania" in Istanbul since 15th century (sometimes known as Mektebi Sultaniye or Galatasaray Lisesi).[27]
Books written[edit]
- Taj Mahal: The True Story — Publisher: A Ghosh (May 1989) Language: English – [Review|http://www.amazon.com/Taj-Mahal-The-True-Story/dp/0961161442]
- Some Missing Chapters of World History – Publisher: Hindi Sahitya Sadan (2010) Language: English
- World Vedic Heritage: A History of Histories – Publisher: New Delhi: Hindi Sahitya Sadan (2003)
- Vaidik Vishva Rashtra Ka Itihas – Publisher: New Delhi: Hindi Sahitya Sadan
- Bharat Mein Muslim Sultan
- Who Says Akbar was Great
- Some Blunders Of Indian Historical Research
- Agra red Fort is a Hindu Building
- Learning Vedic Astrology
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